A new study has found that the antiviral tecovirimat (TPOXX) appears to be safe and effective for the treatment of monkeypox symptoms and skin lesions.
This University of California Davis Health (UC Davis Health) study is one of the earliest studies to assess and report the outcomes of treating patients with monkeypox with this antiviral.
TPOXX is an FDA-approved antiviral drug for the treatment of smallpox. It limits viral spread in the body by inhibiting the work of the protein involved in the release of the enveloped virus. Recently, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) allowed physicians to prescribe tecovirimat on a compassionate use basis to treat adults and children with orthopoxvirus infections, including monkeypox.
In a research letter published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), UC Davis infectious disease experts presented insights on 25 patients with monkeypox who were given tecovirimat therapy.
Context and treatment
The recent global outbreak of monkeypox has led to more than 45,500 cases as of August 22, 2022. While symptoms usually resolve on their own in 2-4 weeks, a recent study showed that 13% of patients needed hospitalisation.
Patients with skin lesions in multiple body parts or in sensitive areas such as the face or genital region were offered oral tecovirimat treatment. The treatment was weight-based, given every 8 or 12 hours, and was taken within 30 minutes of a high-fat meal.
The researchers collected clinical data at the first in-person evaluation for treatment and by in-person or telephone interview on day 7 and day 21 following the beginning of therapy.
In total, 25 patients (all male) with confirmed monkeypox infection completed a course of tecovirimat therapy. Their age ranged between 27 and 76 years (the median age was 40). Nine patients had HIV. Only one patient had the smallpox vaccine (taken more than 25 years ago) and four others received a dose of JYNNEOS vaccination after symptoms started.
Symptoms in patients with monkeypox
The study found that 92% of patients had lesions in their genital or anal area. While all patients had painful lesions, around half had fewer than 10 lesions over their entire body.
On average, the patients had symptoms or lesions for 12 days before they started their antiviral treatment. Fever was the most common symptom (76% of the patients), followed by fatigue (32%), sore throat (20%) and chills (20%). Other symptoms included backache (12%), muscle pain (8%), nausea (4%) and diarrhea (4%).
All patients completed the tecovirimat therapy and tolerated their treatment well. They were treated for two weeks, except for one patient who was treated for 21 days.
On day 7 of therapy, 40% of patients had healed from their lesions. By day 21, 92% had healed and were pain-free.
The most reported adverse events on day 7 of therapy included: fatigue (28%), headache (20%), nausea (16%), itching (8%) and diarrhea (8%).
The study was small and did not include a control group. So, assessing antiviral efficacy in terms of symptom duration and severity was limited. Also, the time from symptom onset to starting the antiviral therapy varied among the patients.
Official comments
“We have very limited clinical data on the use of tecovirimat for monkeypox infection. There is much to learn about the natural progression of the disease and how tecovirimat and other antivirals may affect it,” said lead author Angel Desai, who is an adult infectious disease specialist at UC Davis Health.
“We have to be very careful in how we interpret the data. It is hard to differentiate the side effects due to therapy from those caused by the infection,” said infectious diseases expert and co-author George Thompson, who is a professor at the UC Davis School of Medicine in the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and the Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology.
The researchers have called for large-scale studies to explore antiviral efficacy dosing and adverse events. Co-authors on this study are Sonja Neumeister, Anna Arutyunova, Katelyn Trigg and Stuart H. Cohen.
